# 第三册 Lesson 21 Daniel Mendoza 丹尼尔·门多萨

## 一、课文原文

Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money. Because of this, they were known as 'prizefighters'. However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.

One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules. Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.

Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old. This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him. The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour. The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils. He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.

## 二、重点词汇详解

| 单词 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 用法说明 |
|------|------|------|------|----------|
| boxing | /'bɔksiŋ/ | n. | 拳击 | boxer n. 拳击手 |
| bare | /beə/ | adj. | 赤裸的 | bare fists赤手空拳；barefoot赤脚 |
| prizefighter | /'praizfaitə/ | n. | 职业拳击手 | prize+fighter，为奖金而战 |
| crude | /kru:d/ | adj. | 粗野的 | =rough, unrefined |
| marquis | /'ma:kwis/ | n. | 侯爵 | 英国贵族爵位之一 |
| technically | /'teknikli/ | adv. | 严格根据法律意义地 | technical adj. 技术上的 |
| popularity | /'pɔpju'læriti/ | n. | 名望 | popular adj. 受欢迎的 |
| adore | /ə'dɔ:/ | v. | 崇拜，爱戴 | adoration n. 崇拜 |
| alike | /ə'laik/ | adv. | 一样地 | rich and poor alike穷富一视同仁 |
| fame | /feim/ | n. | 名声 | rise to fame成名；famous adj. 著名的 |
| eminent | /'eminənt/ | adj. | 著名的，杰出的 | =distinguished, prominent |
| bitterly | /'bitəli/ | adv. | 激烈地 | bitter adj. 苦的/激烈的 |
| bet | /bet/ | v. | 打赌 | bet on... 在……上下赌注 |
| academy | /ə'kædəmi/ | n. | 专业学校 | academic adj. 学术的 |
| extravagant | /ik'strævəgənt/ | adj. | 浪费的，奢侈的 | 反义词thrifty节俭的 |
| poverty | /'pɔvəti/ | n. | 贫困 | poor adj. 贫穷的 |

## 三、语法知识点

### 1. be known as...——"被称作……"
- they were known as 'prizefighters'
- 区别：be known for（因……而闻名）；be known to（为……所知）

### 2. 关系副词when引导的定语从句
- **until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules**
- when从句修饰前面的年代1860年
- draw up意为"制定、草拟"；a set of意为"一套"

### 3. change...into... / bring...to...
- change crude prizefighting **into** a sport（把粗野的拳击变成一项运动）
- brought science **to** the game（把科学引进这项运动）

### 4. in his day——"在他的全盛时期"
- day此处指"幸运或顺利的时期"，而非字面的"一天"
- 类似：in my day（在我那个年代）

### 5. rich and poor——形容词用作名词
- **He was adored by rich and poor alike.**
- 形容词前加the可作名词：the rich富人，the poor穷人

### 6. rise to fame——"成名"
- rise的过去式rose，过去分词risen

### 7. turn against——"与……反目为敌"
- Humphries turned against him
- turn against = become hostile to

### 8. It的强调句型
- **It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries**
- 被强调部分：not until his third match in 1790
- 结构：It was + 被强调部分 + that + 句子其余部分

### 9. be in debt——"负债"
- 反义：out of debt还清债务

## 四、重点句型分析

### 1. It was not until...that...（强调句型）
- 原句：He did not beat Humphries until his third match in 1790.
- 强调：It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries.
- 译为：直到1790年第三次比赛，他才终于击败了汉弗莱斯

### 2. so...that...结果状语从句
- **so successful that Humphries turned against him**
- **so extravagant that he was always in debt**
- 如此……以至于……

### 3. was paid as much as ￡100
- **as much as** 表"高达"，强调数量之大
- 例：He earned as much as ￡100 for a single appearance.

### 4. 关系副词where引导的定语从句
- **at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour**
- where从句修饰Stilton

## 五、课文翻译

两百年前，拳击比赛在英国非常盛行。当时，拳击手们不戴手套，为争夺奖金而搏斗。因此，他们被称作"职业拳击手"。不过，拳击是十分野蛮的，因为当时没有任何比赛规则，职业拳击手有可能在比赛中受重伤，甚至丧命。

拳击史上最引人注目的人物之一是丹尼尔·门多萨，他生于1764年。1860年昆斯伯里侯爵第一次为拳击比赛制定了规则，拳击比赛这才用上了手套。虽然门多萨严格来讲不过是个职业拳击手，但在把这种粗野的拳击变成一种体育运动方面，他作出了重大贡献。是他把科学引进了这项运动。门多萨在他的全盛时期深受大家欢迎，无论是富人还是穷人都对他崇拜备至。

门多萨在14岁时参加了一场拳击赛后一举成名。这引起了当时英国拳坛名将理查德·汉弗莱斯的注意。他主动提出教授门多萨，而年少的门多萨一学就会。事实上，门多萨不久便名声大振，致使汉弗莱斯与他反目为敌。两个人争吵不休，显而易见，只有较量一番才能解决问题。于是两人在斯蒂尔顿设下赛场，厮打了一个小时。公众把大笔赌注下到了门多萨身上，但他却输了。后来，门多萨与汉弗莱斯再次在拳击场上较量，门多萨又输了一场。直到1790年他们第3次对垒，门多萨才终于击败了汉弗莱斯，成了全英拳击冠军。同时，他建立了一所拳击学校，办得很成功，连拜伦勋爵也成了他的学生。门多萨挣来大笔大笔的钱，一次出场费就可多达100英镑。尽管收入不少，但他挥霍无度，经常债台高筑。他在被一个叫杰克逊绅士的拳击手击败后很快被人遗忘。他因无力还债而被捕入狱，最后于1836年在贫困中死去。

## 六、语言点精讲

### 写作手法
- **人物传记式叙事**：从出生→成名→辉煌→衰落→死亡，完整的人生轨迹
- **对比手法**：盛与衰、富与贫、荣耀与遗忘的强烈对比
- **因果关系链**：extravagant → in debt → prison → poverty → death
- **具体数据**：100英镑出场费、14岁成名、1790年夺冠，增强真实感

### 文化背景
- **昆斯伯里规则（Queensberry Rules）**：1860年制定的现代拳击规则，使用手套
- **Lord Byron**：英国著名浪漫主义诗人，曾学习拳击
- 18世纪末的拳击在英国是平民和贵族共同的娱乐

## 七、课后练习要点

1. 词汇：掌握crude, eminent, adore, extravagant, bet, academy, poverty等重点词
2. 语法：It is...that...强调句型；be known as/for/to区别；so...that结果状语从句
3. 句型：not until强调句；as much as表数量；turn against
4. 理解：Mendoza在成为全英冠军前失败了几次？——两次

## 八、本课小结

- 核心词汇：crude, eminent, adore, extravagant, poverty, academy, bet
- 核心语法：It is...that强调句型、so...that结果状语从句、形容词作名词
- 核心句型：not until强调句、as much as、rise to fame、turn against、be in debt
- 写作特色：人物传记叙事、盛衰对比、因果关系链